Poverty

An estimated 9.7 million children around the world die of poverty each year
    • Video
    • 1 comment
    • 43 views
    Refresh Page With This Collapse
    Bad Sugar: Water Rights and Diabetes in Arizona
    %3Cdiv%20class%3D%22article-video-container%22%20id%3D%22video-19121%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22swfobject%22%20title%3D%22%7B%27width%27%3A640%2C%27height%27%3A406%2C%27swf%27%3A%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.metacafe.com%5C%2Ffplayer%5C%2Fyt-3pXzbTHhZGQ%5C%2Fbad_sugar_water_rights_and_diabetes_in_arizona.swf%27%2C%27wmode%27%3A%27transparent%27%7D%22%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E %3Cp%3EFrom%20Metacafe%20--%20The%20Tohono%20O%27odham%20and%20Pima%20Indians%20of%20southern%20Arizona%20have%20perhaps%20the%20highest%20rate%20of%20diabetes%20in%20the%20world.%20Yet%20the%20disease%20was%20virtually%20unknown%20here%20100%20years%20ago.%20Over%20the%20last%20century%2C%20the%20diversion%20of%20river%20water%20to%20upstream%20white%20settlements%20cost%20the%20O%27odham%20their%20crops%2C%20livelihood%2C%20traditional%20diet%2C%20culture%20and%20health.%20Today%2C%20community%20advocates%20hope%20that%20restoring%20water%20and%20renewing%20culture%20can%20help%20improve%20health.%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
    1 comment
    Share
    Flag
  • Poverty Facts 2008
    Submitted 9 months ago By itshannah
    • Article
    • 1 comment
    • 38 views
    Refresh Page With This Collapse
    Poverty Facts 2008
    %3Cp%3E%2A%20Almost%20half%20the%20world%20%E2%80%94%20over%203%20billion%20people%20%E2%80%94%20live%20on%20less%20than%20%242.50%20a%20day.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2A%20The%20GDP%20%28Gross%20Domestic%20Product%29%20of%20the%2041%20Heavily%20Indebted%20Poor%20Countries%20%28567%20million%20people%29%20is%20less%20than%20the%20wealth%20of%20the%20world%E2%80%99s%207%20richest%20people%20combined.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2A%20Nearly%20a%20billion%20people%20entered%20the%2021st%20century%20unable%20to%20read%20a%20book%20or%20sign%20their%20names.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2A%20Less%20than%20one%20per%20cent%20of%20what%20the%20world%20spent%20every%20year%20on%20weapons%20was%20needed%20to%20put%20every%20child%20into%20school%20by%20the%20year%202000%20and%20yet%20it%20didn%E2%80%99t%20happen.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2A%201%20billion%20children%20live%20in%20poverty%20%281%20in%202%20children%20in%20the%20world%29.%20640%20million%20live%20without%20adequate%20shelter%2C%20400%20million%20have%20no%20access%20to%20safe%20water%2C%20270%20million%20have%20no%20access%20to%20health%20services.%2010.6%20million%20died%20in%202003%20before%20they%20reached%20the%20age%20of%205%20%28or%20roughly%2029%2C000%20children%20per%20day%29.%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
    1 comment
    Share
    Flag
    • Video
    • 0 comments
    • 20 views
    Refresh Page With This Collapse
    What About Now, Chris Daughtry Music Video
    %3Cdiv%20class%3D%22article-video-container%22%20id%3D%22video-271%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22swfobject%22%20title%3D%22%7B%27width%27%3A640%2C%27height%27%3A406%2C%27wmode%27%3A%27transparent%27%2C%27swf%27%3A%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fmediaservices.myspace.com%5C%2Fservices%5C%2Fmedia%5C%2Fembed.aspx%5C%2Fm%3D38529487%2Ct%3D1%2Cmt%3Dvideo%2CsearchID%3D%2Cprimarycolor%3D%2Csecondarycolor%3D%27%7D%22%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E %3Cp%3EFrom%20MySpace%20Video%20--%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3EInspirational%20video%20that%20shows%20how%20one%20person%20can%20begin%20to%20make%20a%20difference.%20%20The%20footage%20is%20cut%20to%20Chris%20Daughtry%27s%20single%2C%20What%20About%20Now.%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3ESome%20individuals%20%26amp%3B%20charities%20highlighted%3A%20%20%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3EJohn%20Wood%3A%20Room%20to%20Read%2C%20Brad%20Corrigan%3A%20Love%2C%20Light%20%26amp%3B%20Melody%2C%20Urban%20Compass%2C%20Jaques%20Verduin%3A%20Insight%20Prison%20Project%2C%20Duane%20Silverstein%3A%20Seacology%2C%20Dr.%20Dave%20Jenkins%3A%20Surfaid%20International%2C%20Amnesty%20International%2CFather%20Greg%20Boyle%3A%20Homeboy%20Industries%2C%20Scott%20Harrison%3A%20Charity%3A%20Water%2C%20Doctors%20Without%20Borders%2C%20Leigh%20Blake%3A%20Keep%20A%20Child%20Alive%2C%20Frank%20Scura%3A%20Action%20Sports%20Environmental%20Coalition.%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3EWatch.%20Then%20tell%20me%20you%20don%27t%20want%20to%20get%20out%20there%20and%20do%20something%21%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
    0 comments
    Share
    Flag
    • Video
    • 0 comments
    • 20 views
    Refresh Page With This Collapse
    30 Days - Life on an Indian Reservation
    %3Cdiv%20class%3D%22article-video-container%22%20id%3D%22video-19116%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22swfobject%22%20title%3D%22%7B%27width%27%3A640%2C%27height%27%3A406%2C%27wmode%27%3A%27transparent%27%2C%27swf%27%3A%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fplayer.hulu.com%5C%2Fembed%5C%2Fmyspace_viral_player.swf%3Fpid%3DMdn6HUhilQv9348_9g8HD2P8LTbl2nXB%26amp%3Bembed%3Dtrue%26amp%3BvideoID%3D38530511%27%7D%22%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E %3Cp%3Emyspace%20%28hulu%2FFX%29%20--%20Director%20Morgan%20Spurlock%20%28Super%20Size%20Me%29%20lives%20on%20a%20Navajo%20Native%20American%20Reservation%20for%2030%20days%20experiencing%20their%20culture%20first%20hand.%26nbsp%3B%20Spurlock%20also%20explores%20Native%20American%20history%20and%20current%20issues%20facing%20Native%20American%20reservation%20life.%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
    0 comments
    Share
    Flag
  • Sharing The Wealth Sharing The Wealth
    Submitted 8 months ago By Brooke Minters
    • Url
    • 0 comments
    • 19 views
    Refresh Page With This Collapse
    Sharing The Wealth
    %3Ca%20href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F53950%22%20rel%3D%22externals%22%3E%3Cimg%20src%3D%22%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fphotos%2F17187_sharing_the_wealth_640x480.jpg%22%20alt%3D%22Sharing%20The%20Wealth%22%20title%3D%22Sharing%20The%20Wealth%22%20%20%2F%3E%3C%2Fa%3E
    from%20newsweek.com
    %3Cp%3ENewsweek%20--%20%20Two%20intellectuals%20heavyweights%2C%20Jagdish%20Bhagwati%20and%20Martin%20Wolf%2C%20have%20each%20just%20published%20books%20on%20the%20valor%20of%20globalization.%20The%20Newsweek%20book%20review%20explores%20both%20their%20works%2C%20then%20positions%20itself%20on%20the%20other%20side%20of%20their%20argument%20for%20globalization.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0A%3Cblockquote%3E%26ldquo%3B%26nbsp%3BAlthough%20economic%20growth%20doesn%27t%20guarantee%20freedom%20and%20democracy%2C%20there%20are%20powerful%20connections.%20The%20more%20people%20enjoy%20choices%20in%20what%20they%20buy%20and%20how%20they%20work%2C%20the%20more%20they%20want%20choice%20everywhere.%20%26rdquo%3B%3C%2Fblockquote%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
    %3Ca%20href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F53950%22%20rel%3D%22externals%22%20onclick%3D%22var%20s%3Ds_gi%28s_account%29%3Bvar%20t_title%3D%26quot%3BSharing%20The%20Wealth%26quot%3B%3Bs.products%3D%26quot%3B%3B%26quot%3B%2Bt_title%3Bs.events%3D%26quot%3Bevent5%26quot%3B%3Bs.linkTrackVars%3D%26quot%3Bproducts%2Cevents%26quot%3B%3Bs.linkTrackEvents%3D%26quot%3Bevent5%26quot%3B%3Bs.tl%28this%2C%26quot%3Be%26quot%3B%2Ct_title%29%22%3EFull%20Article%20%3C%2Fa%3E
    0 comments
    Share
    Flag
    • Url
    • 0 comments
    • 10 views
    Refresh Page With This Collapse
    Agricultural and Rural Development: Regions
    %3Ca%20href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fweb.worldbank.org%2FWBSITE%2FEXTERNAL%2FTOPICS%2FEXTARD%2F0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20445375%7EmenuPK%3A1308541%7EpagePK%3A148956%7EpiPK%3A216618%7EtheSitePK%3A336682%2C00.html%22%20rel%3D%22externals%22%3E%3C%2Fa%3E
    from%20web.worldbank.org
    %3Cp%3EFrom%20The%20World%20Bank%20--%20According%20to%20this%20article%2C%20approximately%2050%25%20of%20the%20poor%20in%20Europe%20and%20Central%20Asia%20live%20in%20rural%20areas%2C%20while%20rural%20East%20Asia%20has%20seen%20an%20improvement%20in%20food%20security%20and%20reduced%20poverty%2C%20and%20Latin%20America%20and%20the%20Caribbean%20remain%20highly%20urbanized%20areas.%20%20While%20measured%20poverty%20rates%20are%20lower%20in%20the%20Middle%20East%20and%20North%20Africa%20than%20in%20another%20developing%20region%2C%2020%25%20of%20the%20region%27s%20population%20lives%20on%20less%20than%20two%20dollars%20a%20day.%20%20And%20despite%20strong%20economic%20performance%2C%20South%20Asia%20remains%20among%20the%20most%20impoverished%20regions%20in%20the%20world.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0A%3Cblockquote%3E%26ldquo%3B%26nbsp%3BSub-Saharan%20Africa%27s%20population%20remains%20predominantly%20rural%20%2870%25%29%2C%20and%20poverty%20is%20widespread.%20Africans%20face%20formidable%20challenges%2C%20such%20as%20HIV%2FAIDS%2C%20conflict%2C%20and%20climate%20change.%26nbsp%3B%26rdquo%3B%3C%2Fblockquote%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
    %3Ca%20href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fweb.worldbank.org%2FWBSITE%2FEXTERNAL%2FTOPICS%2FEXTARD%2F0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20445375%7EmenuPK%3A1308541%7EpagePK%3A148956%7EpiPK%3A216618%7EtheSitePK%3A336682%2C00.html%22%20rel%3D%22externals%22%20onclick%3D%22var%20s%3Ds_gi%28s_account%29%3Bvar%20t_title%3D%26quot%3BAgricultural%20and%20Rural%20Development%20Regions%26quot%3B%3Bs.products%3D%26quot%3B%3B%26quot%3B%2Bt_title%3Bs.events%3D%26quot%3Bevent5%26quot%3B%3Bs.linkTrackVars%3D%26quot%3Bproducts%2Cevents%26quot%3B%3Bs.linkTrackEvents%3D%26quot%3Bevent5%26quot%3B%3Bs.tl%28this%2C%26quot%3Be%26quot%3B%2Ct_title%29%22%3EFull%20Article%20%3C%2Fa%3E
    0 comments
    Share
    Flag
    • Url
    • 0 comments
    • 9 views
    Refresh Page With This Collapse
    The World's Growing Food-Price Crisis
    %3Ca%20href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1717572%2C00.html%3Fiid%3Dperma_share%22%20rel%3D%22externals%22%3E%3Cimg%20src%3D%22%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fphotos%2F18593_the_worlds_growing_food_price_crisis_640x480.jpg%22%20alt%3D%22The%20World%26%23039%3Bs%20Growing%20Food-Price%20Crisis%22%20title%3D%22The%20World%26%23039%3Bs%20Growing%20Food-Price%20Crisis%22%20%20%2F%3E%3C%2Fa%3E
    from%20time.com
    %3Cp%3EFrom%20Time%20Magazine--%20%20Skyrocketing%20food%20prices%20have%20sparked%20riots%20in%20multiple%20countries%2C%20and%20officials%20wonder%20how%20long%20the%20food%20crisis%20will%20last.%20%20Unfortunately%20it%20could%20be%20a%20decade%20before%20the%20issue%20sees%20resolution.%20%20There%20are%20interconnected%20reasons%20for%20the%20escalation%20in%20food%20prices%20--%20cost%20of%20oil%2C%20price%20of%20fertilizer%2C%20climate%20change%2C%20the%20emergence%20of%20biofuels.%20%20The%20price%20of%20food%20staples%20is%20also%20being%20driven%20up%20by%20Wall%20Street%20investors%2C%20which%20spells%20out%20disaster%20for%20the%20world%27s%20poorest.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0A%3Cblockquote%3E%26ldquo%3B%26nbsp%3BThe%20forecast%20is%20grim.%20Governments%20might%20quell%20the%20protests%2C%20but%20bringing%20down%20food%20prices%20could%20take%20at%20least%20a%20decade%2C%20food%20analysts%20say.%20One%20reason%3A%20billions%20of%20people%20are%20buying%20ever-greater%20quantities%20of%20food%20%26mdash%3B%20especially%20in%20booming%20China%20and%20India%2C%20where%20many%20have%20stopped%20growing%20their%20own%20food%20and%20now%20have%20the%20cash%20to%20buy%20a%20lot%20more%20of%20it.%26nbsp%3B%26rdquo%3B%3C%2Fblockquote%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
    %3Ca%20href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1717572%2C00.html%3Fiid%3Dperma_share%22%20rel%3D%22externals%22%20onclick%3D%22var%20s%3Ds_gi%28s_account%29%3Bvar%20t_title%3D%26quot%3BThe%20World%5C%26%23039%3Bs%20Growing%20Food-Price%20Crisis%26quot%3B%3Bs.products%3D%26quot%3B%3B%26quot%3B%2Bt_title%3Bs.events%3D%26quot%3Bevent5%26quot%3B%3Bs.linkTrackVars%3D%26quot%3Bproducts%2Cevents%26quot%3B%3Bs.linkTrackEvents%3D%26quot%3Bevent5%26quot%3B%3Bs.tl%28this%2C%26quot%3Be%26quot%3B%2Ct_title%29%22%3EFull%20Article%20%3C%2Fa%3E
    0 comments
    Share
    Flag
  • The Perils of Efficiency The Perils of Efficiency
    Submitted 8 months ago By Brooke Minters
    • Url
    • 0 comments
    • 6 views
    Refresh Page With This Collapse
    The Perils of Efficiency
    %3Ca%20href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Ftalk%2Ffinancial%2F2008%2F11%2F24%2F081124ta_talk_surowiecki%22%20rel%3D%22externals%22%3E%3Cimg%20src%3D%22%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fphotos%2F18590_the_perils_of_efficiency_640x480.jpg%22%20alt%3D%22The%20Perils%20of%20Efficiency%22%20title%3D%22The%20Perils%20of%20Efficiency%22%20%20%2F%3E%3C%2Fa%3E
    from%20newyorker.com
    %3Cp%3EFrom%20The%20New%20Yorker%20--%20%20Did%20the%20global%20financial%20crisis%20solve%20the%20global%20food%20crisis%3F%20%20The%20price%20for%20food%20staples%20may%20have%20dropped%20for%20a%20bit%2C%20but%20this%20isn%27t%20a%20long%20term%20solution%20to%20the%20food%20shortages%20and%20insecurities.%20%20This%20New%20Yorker%20gives%20a%20lot%20of%20history%20to%20why%20we%27re%20in%20this%20current%20global%20food%20crisis.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0A%3Cblockquote%3E%26ldquo%3B%26nbsp%3BThis%20%26ldquo%3Bmarketization%26rdquo%3B%20of%20agriculture%20has%20not%2C%20to%20be%20sure%2C%20been%20fully%20carried%20through.%20Subsidies%20are%20still%20endemic%20in%20rich%20countries%20and%20poor%2C%20while%20developing%20countries%20often%20place%20tariffs%20on%20imported%20food%2C%20which%20benefit%20their%20farmers%20but%20drive%20up%20prices%20for%20consumers.%26nbsp%3B%26rdquo%3B%3C%2Fblockquote%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
    %3Ca%20href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Ftalk%2Ffinancial%2F2008%2F11%2F24%2F081124ta_talk_surowiecki%22%20rel%3D%22externals%22%20onclick%3D%22var%20s%3Ds_gi%28s_account%29%3Bvar%20t_title%3D%26quot%3BThe%20Perils%20of%20Efficiency%26quot%3B%3Bs.products%3D%26quot%3B%3B%26quot%3B%2Bt_title%3Bs.events%3D%26quot%3Bevent5%26quot%3B%3Bs.linkTrackVars%3D%26quot%3Bproducts%2Cevents%26quot%3B%3Bs.linkTrackEvents%3D%26quot%3Bevent5%26quot%3B%3Bs.tl%28this%2C%26quot%3Be%26quot%3B%2Ct_title%29%22%3EFull%20Article%20%3C%2Fa%3E
    0 comments
    Share
    Flag
  • WFP's Food Basket WFP's Food Basket
    Submitted 8 months ago By Brooke Minters
    • Url
    • 0 comments
    • 6 views
    Refresh Page With This Collapse
    WFP's Food Basket
    %3Ca%20href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wfp.org%2Fnutrition%2FWFP-foodbasket%22%20rel%3D%22externals%22%3E%3Cimg%20src%3D%22%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fphotos%2F18572_wfps_food_basket_640x480.jpg%22%20alt%3D%22WFP%26%23039%3Bs%20Food%20Basket%22%20title%3D%22WFP%26%23039%3Bs%20Food%20Basket%22%20%20%2F%3E%3C%2Fa%3E
    from%20wfp.org
    %3Cp%3EFrom%20the%20World%20Food%20Programme%20--%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0AHere%20is%20a%20photo%20of%20what%20a%20daily%20food%20ration%20for%20the%20World%20Food%20Programme%20looks%20like.%20It%20may%20not%20seem%20like%20much%2C%20but%20to%20someone%20in%20an%20emergency%20situation%2C%20this%20simple%20meal%20will%20provide%20enough%20energy%20and%20micronutrients%20to%20prevent%20manourishment.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0A%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
    %3Ca%20href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wfp.org%2Fnutrition%2FWFP-foodbasket%22%20rel%3D%22externals%22%20onclick%3D%22var%20s%3Ds_gi%28s_account%29%3Bvar%20t_title%3D%26quot%3BWFP%5C%26%23039%3Bs%20Food%20Basket%26quot%3B%3Bs.products%3D%26quot%3B%3B%26quot%3B%2Bt_title%3Bs.events%3D%26quot%3Bevent5%26quot%3B%3Bs.linkTrackVars%3D%26quot%3Bproducts%2Cevents%26quot%3B%3Bs.linkTrackEvents%3D%26quot%3Bevent5%26quot%3B%3Bs.tl%28this%2C%26quot%3Be%26quot%3B%2Ct_title%29%22%3EFull%20Article%20%3C%2Fa%3E
    0 comments
    Share
    Flag
    • Url
    • 0 comments
    • 6 views
    Refresh Page With This Collapse
    Inside Gaza: Malnutrition and shortages
    %3Ca%20href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F7766509.stm%22%20rel%3D%22externals%22%3E%3Cimg%20src%3D%22%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fphotos%2F18533_inside_gaza_malnutrition_and_shortages_640x480.jpg%22%20alt%3D%22Inside%20Gaza%3A%20Malnutrition%20and%20shortages%22%20title%3D%22Inside%20Gaza%3A%20Malnutrition%20and%20shortages%22%20%20%2F%3E%3C%2Fa%3E
    from%20news.bbc.co.uk
    %3Cp%3EFrom%20BBC%20--%20A%20man%20in%20Gaza%20lives%20with%20his%20wife%20and%20six%20children%20in%20a%20single-roomed%20house%2C%20scraping%20by%20on%20food%20aid%20from%20the%20United%20Nations.%20The%20family%27s%20diet%20is%20heavy%20in%20bread%2C%20rice%20and%20vegetable%20oil.%20It%20is%20reported%20by%20The%20International%20Committee%20of%20the%20Red%20Cross%20that%20this%20kind%20of%20diet%20-%20carbohydrate-rich%2C%20but%20lacking%20in%20vitamins%20-%20is%20causing%20malnutrition%20among%20Gaza%27s%20children.%3Cbr%20%2F%3E%0A%3Cblockquote%3E%26ldquo%3B%26nbsp%3BLooking%20despairingly%20at%20the%20breeze%20block%20and%20wood%20shack%20which%20was%20their%20home%2C%20he%20adds%3A%20%22Eight%20people%20all%20live%20in%20this%20one%20room%20here.%20The%20water%20comes%20in%20in%20the%20winter%20but%20I%20don%27t%20even%20have%20money%20for%20a%20plastic%20sheet%20to%20put%20on%20the%20roof.%26nbsp%3B%26rdquo%3B%3C%2Fblockquote%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
    %3Ca%20href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F7766509.stm%22%20rel%3D%22externals%22%20onclick%3D%22var%20s%3Ds_gi%28s_account%29%3Bvar%20t_title%3D%26quot%3BInside%20Gaza%20Malnutrition%20and%20shortages%26quot%3B%3Bs.products%3D%26quot%3B%3B%26quot%3B%2Bt_title%3Bs.events%3D%26quot%3Bevent5%26quot%3B%3Bs.linkTrackVars%3D%26quot%3Bproducts%2Cevents%26quot%3B%3Bs.linkTrackEvents%3D%26quot%3Bevent5%26quot%3B%3Bs.tl%28this%2C%26quot%3Be%26quot%3B%2Ct_title%29%22%3EFull%20Article%20%3C%2Fa%3E
    0 comments
    Share
    Flag
107 results: